Reinach in "R. In III Macc. The great synagogue of Alexandria, which was destroyed during the reign of Trajan, was especially famous, its size and splendor being made the subject of glowing descriptions in the schools of Palestine and Babylon Suk. In Syria the great synagogue of Antioch was famous; to it, according to Josephus "B.
Its site was occupied in the fourth century by a Christian basilica dedicated to the Maccabean martyrs the seven brothers mentioned in II and IV Maccabees [see Cardinal Rampolla in "Rev. The apostle Paul preached in various synagogues in Damascus Acts ix. One synagogue received its name from the Campus Martius, and one from the Subura, a populous quarter of Rome; while another was termed "the Synagogue of the Olive-Tree. The ruins of a synagogue were discovered in at Hammam-Lif, near Carthage.
A Latin inscription was found in the outer court, while a mosaic with an inscription, and picturing various animals and the seven-branched candle-stick, was set in the floor of the synagogue itself "R.
Only a few synagogues of the Babylonian diaspora are mentioned by name in the Talmud. In the third century there was a synagogue named in honor ofDaniel 'Er. Bible," iii. The synagogue and the academy were the two institutions which preserved the essence of the Judaism of the Diaspora and saved it from annihilation. As the place of public worship, the synagogue became the pivot of each community, just as the Sanctuary at Jerusalem had been the center for the entire people.
Synagogal worship, therefore, however much it might vary in detail in different countries, was the most important visible expression of Judaism, and the chief means of uniting the Jews scattered throughout the world; while the academy, in like manner, guaranteed the unity of the religious spirit which animated the synagogue.
The synagogue, consequently, is the most important feature of the Jewish community, which is inconceivable without it. A history of the synagogue is possible only in so far as Jewish history is considered from the point of view of this important institution.
A distinction may be drawn, however, between its internal and its external history, the former dealing with the changes in the cult connected with the synagogue and with its different institutions, and the latter treating of the fortunes of the followers of Judaism and of their social and cultural status in so far as these influenced the synagogue.
In sketching briefly the external history of the synagogue, it is, in a sense, ominous that the first allusion to it in Ps. For nearly fifteen hundred years razed synagogues typified the fortunes of the Jewish communities, especially in Christian countries.
His son Arcadius likewise was compelled to take stringent measures against the proposed destruction of synagogues in Illyria in Theodosius II. Simeon Stylites to revoke the edict. Eight years before , the Christians of Alexandria, instigated by Bisbop, Cyril, had confiscated the synagogue there and forced the Jews to emigrate, while at Constantinople the great synagogue was dedicated as the Church of the Mother of God, probably during the reign of Theodosius II.
When the victories of Belisarius subjugated northern Africa to the Byzantine empire, Justinian commanded that the synagogues should be transformed into churches. During the reign of Theodoric the Great the Christian populace of Rome burned the synagogue; but although he commanded the Senate to punish those who had done so, and though he permitted the Jews of Genoa to repair theirs, he allowed neither the building nor the decoration of synagogues elsewhere.
Pope Gregory the Great was noted for his justice toward the Jews; yet he was unable to restore the synagogues that had been taken from them at Palermo by Bishop Victor and dedicated as churches, although he obliged the bishop to pay for them. During the Merovingian period a synagogue at Orleans was destroyed by the mob, and the Jews were unable to induce King Guntram to permit it to be rebuilt The epoch of the Crusades wasinitiated by "the liberation of Jerusalem," when the victorious crusaders drove the Jews into a synagogue and cremated them there In France, Philip Augustus commanded in his edict of expulsion, dated , that the synagogues should be transformed into churches, and at the coronation of King Richard I.
When Philip the Fair expelled the Jews from France, in , the synagogues were either sold or given away, one of those in Paris being presented by the king to his coachman; Louis X.
At the time of the Black Death the entire community of Vienna sought death in the synagogue in order to escape persecution. In the Jews were expelled from Mayence and their synagogue dedicated to Christian worship. The following information regarding transformed synagogues still existing in Spain is given by Kayserling: In the Calle de la Sinagoga in Toledo there is, in addition to the former synagogue of Samuel Abulafia, the great synagogue built in the reign of Alfonso X.
Both these buildings were restored in the last decade of the nineteenth century, after being closed as churches and declared to be national monuments. One of the large synagogues of Seville was transformed into the Church of S.
A church at the entrance to the ghetto of Saragossa is said to have been a synagogue; but there are no documents to verify this statement, although the style of architecture supports it. When the Jews of Ratisbon were expelled in , their synagogue, which was built of freestone, was demolished by the citizens even the nobles and the bishop taking part in the work of destruction , and a church was erected on the site. The intention of Ferdinand I.
When the Jews were expelled from Vienna, in , a church was built on the site of their demolished synagogue. These episodes in the history of the synagogue in Christian countries have had very few parallels in Mohammedan lands, although the rule of Islam also began with an edict against the synagogue. It was decreed in the "pact of Omar" see Jew. Roman influence can also be seen in the architecture. Many buildings, especially those in the Galilee are pattered after some form of Roman civic building; others shared the Christian basilica and featured a central nave, two aisles, a narthex and an atrium.
The synagogue adopted many of the prevalent artistic forms of ornaments of the times. The stone carvings found in many Galilean synagogues are based on motifs widespread in late antiquity and are used in the many floor mosaics.
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Capernaum was a small Jewish fishing and agricultural community on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee that figures prominently in the Gospels' depictions of Jesus.
The Pharisees were one of the so-called sects of Judaism that flourished in the late Second Temple period.
Although the early rabbinic sages likely emulated the Pharisees, the precise relationship between the two groups is difficult to reconstruct. The archaeological evidence for Jewish villages in Galilee inform our understanding of the life of Jesus and early Judaism in the land of Israel.
The region of Galilee includes the Sea of Galilee, a modest lake about 13 miles long and 8 miles wide, and the surrounding areas to the west.
Hebrew is regarded as the spoken language of ancient Israel but is largely replaced by Aramaic in the Persian period. Short written texts, generally inscribed on stone or clay and frequently recording an event or dedicating an object. A Jewish historian from the first century C. His works document the Jewish rebellions against Rome, giving background for early Jewish and Christian practices. Of or related to the written word, especially that which is considered literature; literary criticism is a interpretative method that has been adapted to biblical analysis.
A fortified settlement on a hill in the Judean Desert, which was the last Jewish holdout during the First Jewish Revolt. The Jews of Masada killed themselves rather than surrender to the Romans. Of or relating to the Middle Ages, generally from the fifth century to the fifteenth century C.
A collection of first-century Jewish and early Christian writings that, along with the Old Testament, makes up the Christian Bible. Another name often used for the area of Israel and Judah, derived from the Latin term for the Roman province of Palaestina; ultimately, the name derives from the name of the Philistine people.
A Jewish philosopher who lived from roughly 20 B. Related to the rabbis, who became the religious authorities of Judaism in the period after the destruction of the second temple in 70 C. Rabbinic traditions were initially oral but were written down in the Mishnah, the Talmud, and various other collections. The Man with an Unclean Spirit 21They went to Capernaum; and when the sabbath came, he entered the synagogue and taught.
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